2/13
Nr opisu: 0000034999 Autorzy: Paulina Wojtyła-Buciora, Tomasz Bołdowski, Cezary Wojtyła, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Katarzyna Juszczak, Maria Łabędzka-Gardy, Andrzej Wojtyła, Hanna Krauss. Tytuł pracy: An all-Poland survey of physical activity and sedentary lifestyles for middle school high school and university students Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2017, Vol. 3, Issue 1, s. 70--77 p-ISSN: 2450-5927 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Język publikacji: ENG Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe ang.: overweight ; obesity ; physical activity ; adolescents ; students Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii https://www.termedia.pl/An-all-Poland-survey-of-physical-activity-and-sedentary-lifestyles-for-middle-school-high-school-and-university-students,100,30366,0,1.html DOI: 10.5114/jhi.2017.69169 Streszczenie: Introduction: Most countries have witnessed an increasingly sedentary lifestyle in recent decades. Experts estimate that only one third of adolescents undertake sufficient physical activity to guarantee normal physical, mental and emotional development. Study aims: To determine the frequency of PE (Physical Education) lessons as well as after-school movement activities and sedentary behaviour. To establish the association between physical activity, TV watching and computer use (screen time) with the risks of overweight and obesity in students. Material and methods: A survey of 3,548 middle school students, 4,423 from high school and 5,595 university students was performed in 2011. In the former two groupings, the questionnaire had been devised by Poland's GIS (Chief Sanitary Inspectorate), based on one previously employed for WHO global school-based student health survey (GSHS) studies. The university students used an electronic questionnaire made available on an internet site from Lublin, Poland. Results: Half the middle and high school students undertook 2 to 5 hours of physical activity per week, while only 16% of university students did so. In their free time after school, one quarter of middle and high school students engaged in selected sporting activities, usually for one hour each week. Of the university students, 84% did not undertake any movement activities at all. Excessive body mass was most frequently found in students spending 3 to 4 hours per day watching TV or using computers. Conclusions: Students, in particular at the university level, demonstrated a somewhat poor commitment to undertaking PE lessons or other movement activities, whilst focusing mainly on sedentary activities.
3/13
Nr opisu: 0000035000 Autorzy: Paula Wróblewska-Łuczka, Jolanta Chmielewska-Badora, Jacek Zwoliński, Elżbieta Monika Galińska, Piotr Adamczuk, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Jerzy Zagórski, Krzysztof Tomasiewicz, Andrzej Wojtyła. Tytuł pracy: Exposure to infection with Hantavirus (stereotype Dobrava/Hantaan) among forestry workers in Poland Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2017, Vol. 59, no. 3, p. 198--206 p-ISSN: 0071-6677 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie bez IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Punktacja ministerstwa: 14.000 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe ang.: Hantavirus ; forestry workers ; rodents ; occupational exposure Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii http://www.ibles.pl/web/ffp/-/doi-10-1515-ffp-2017-0021 DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2017-0021 Streszczenie: The hosts of Hantavirus are rodents, while they are transmitted to humans via aerosol, or by direct contact with them. The primary goal of the study was evaluation of the state of health of forestry workers by laboratory diagnosis of the diseases caused by Hantavirus Dobrava/Hantaan. The study covered a group of 820 randomly selected employees of the State Forests from 32 Forest Districts located in the area of the whole of Poland. The results of the study show that the largest number of positive results were registered in the Augustów Forest District - 3 cases (10%), and in Piotrków Trybunalski - 3 cases (11.5%). For the whole of Poland, 25 seropositive results were noted (3%) and 76 results were doubtful (9.3%). The results of the conducted study suggest the occurrence of Hantavirus Dobrava in large forest complexes on the territory of Poland. People residing and working in these areas are exposed to infection, and this exposure seems to be comparable with data from other countries.
4/13
Nr opisu: 0000034997 Autorzy: Paulina Wojtyła-Buciora, Tomasz Bołdowski, Cezary Wojtyła, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Katarzyna Juszczak, Zuzanna Chęcińska-Maciejewska, Andrzej Wojtyła, Hanna Krauss. Tytuł pracy: National survey of body mass and dietary behaviour for middle school, high school and university students Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2017, Vol. 3, Issue 1, p. 64--69 p-ISSN: 2450-5927 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Język publikacji: ENG Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe ang.: overweight ; obesity ; nutrition ; students Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii https://www.termedia.pl/National-survey-of-body-mass-and-dietary-behaviour-for-middle-school-high-school-and-university-students,100,30365,0,1.html DOI: 10.5114/jhi.2017.69168 Streszczenie: Introduction: According to a report from the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), there are 200 million overweight and obese school children in the world today. To assess body mass for students in Poland, in middle schools, high schools and universities, according to growth charts and BMI. Also, to investigate the link between chosen dietary habits and the risks to these subjects of being overweight and obese. Material and methods: The 13,566 subjects surveyed in 2011 consisted of middle school (3,548), high school (4,423) and university (5,595) students. The two younger groups received a questionnaire that had been devised by GIS (Poland's Chief Sanitary Inspectorate) based on one previously used for the WHO's global school-based student health survey (GSHS). An electronic questionnaire was used for the university students, made available at a designated internet site. Results: Overweight rates of 13%, 11% and 14% were found in students from middle-school, high-school and university. Overall obesity rates were 3%. Most subject ate three meals daily, although almost 1 in 5 said they ate only 1 to 2 meals daily. Snacking between meals was admitted by 84%, 89% and 89% of students, respectively, whereas corresponding rates for nighttime eating were 24%, 37% and 36%. Conclusions: The survey demonstrated that overweight status, according to growth charts and BMI, occurs in 13%, 11% and 14% of subjects in each student group, respectively. Overall, obesity accounts for 3% of respondents. Numerous instances of abnormal dietary habits were found, highlighted by irregular mealtimes, between-meal snacking and nighttime eating.
5/13
Nr opisu: 0000035847 Autorzy: Paula Wróblewska-Łuczka, Jolanta Chmielewska-Badora, Jacek Zwoliński, Elżbieta Monika Galińska, Piotr Adamczuk, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Jerzy Zagórski, Andrzej Wojtyła. Tytuł pracy: Seroepidemiologic Evaluation of Exposure to Infection with Hantavirus (serotype Puumala) Among Forestry Workers in Poland Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2017, Vol. 23, issue 3, p. 612-618 p-ISSN: 1392-1355 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie zagranicznym Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie z IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Wskaźnik Impact Factor ISI: 0.548 Punktacja ministerstwa: 15.000 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe ang.: Hantavirus Puumala ; zoonoses ; forestry workers ; rodents ; Myodes Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii. https://www.balticforestry.mi.lt/bf/PDF_Articles/2017-23%5B3%5D/Baltic%20Forestry%202017.3_612-618.pdf Streszczenie: The genus Hantavirus belongs to a large family of viruses Bunyaviridae. In humans, infection happens through the respiratory system (inhalation of secretions of infected rodents with dust) or through the direct contact with a rodent. The bank vole (Myodes glareolus), which inhabits areas of almost the whole of Europe, is especially responsible for the transmission of hantavirus serotype Puumala. The primary goal of the study was evaluation of the state of health of forestry workers by laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by hantaviruses serotype Puumala. The study covered a group of 820 randomly selected workers of the State Forests from 32 Forest Districts located in the area of the whole Poland. The results show that the largest number of seropositive results among forestry workers was obtained in the Regions of Łódź, Rzeszów and Bydgoszcz. The largest number of positive results, 3 (11.5%), were noted in the Piotrków Trybunalski Forestry District in the Łódź Region. In the whole of Poland, 12 seropositive results were noted (1.5%) and 26 doubtful (3.2%). The distribution of the positive and doubtful results obtained may suggest that in given regions large populations of bank vole may occur. Bank voles is the vector of hantavirus serotype Puumala. The conducted studies suggest the occurrence of hantaviruses Puumala in large forest complexes in the area of eastern and central Poland, and in the Kłodawa area of the Zielona Góra Region. People residing and working in these areas are exposed to infection. This infection seems to be comparable with the data from other countries. The majority of the cases of infection probably have an asymptomatic course.
6/13
Nr opisu: 0000033253 Autorzy: Paulina Wojtyła-Buciora, Barbara Stawińska-Witoszyńska, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Cezary Wojtyła, Piotr Biliński, Monika Urbaniak, Andrzej Wojtyła, Jerzy T. Marcinkowski, Małgorzata Wojciechowska. Tytuł pracy: Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011 Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2017, Vol. 30, No. 5, s. 763-773 p-ISSN: 1232-1087 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie z IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Wskaźnik Impact Factor ISI: 1.367 Punktacja ministerstwa: 20.000 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: edukacja zdrowotna ; palenie tytoniu ; studenci ; uczniowie ; szkoła średnia Słowa kluczowe ang.: health education ; cigarette smoking ; high school students ; Tobacco epidemiology ; smoking initation ; secondary school students Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii. http://ijomeh.eu/Trends-in-smoking-among-secondary-school-and-high-school-students-in-Poland-2009-and-2011,64614,0,2.html DOI: 10.13075/jometh.1896.00741 Streszczenie: Objectives: To determine the age and the most common circumstances for smoking initiation along with smoking rates and to evaluate smoking trends for secondary and high school students in Poland during 2009 and 2011. Material and Methods: In 2009, a pilot study was conducted in districts of Poland on high school students and their parents. For statistical analysis, correctly completed questionnaires from 999 students and 667 parents were qualified for use. After the pilot study, a nationwide study of secondary school students and their parents was also conducted in 2009. For statistical analysis, correctly completed questionnaires were used from 9360 students and 6951 from their parents. The research tool was a questionnaire developed by the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate. These studies were then compared to the nationwide research study from 2011. Questionnaires were obtained from a survey of 3548 students from secondary schools and 4423 of those from high schools. Results: Smoking initiation usually begins at ages 12-15 years. Rates of secondary school student smoking at least once in their lifetime were about the same level in the surveyed years (2009 - 9%, 2011 - 11%), whereas rates of high school student smoking increased (2009 - 15%, 2011 - 24%). Moreover, 34% of secondary school student smoked less than once a week, whereas in 2009, only 8% of students had done so. For high school students, a 1/2 smoked every day; similar to 2009. Students usually smoked in parks, on streets or any other open space areas. Conclusions: From analyzing the smoking trends over the survey period it can be concluded that the problem of smoking increases with respondent age.
7/13
Nr opisu: 0000033209 Autorzy: Paulina Wojtyła-Buciora, Tomasz Bołdowski, Cezary Wojtyła, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Krzysztof Wojtyła, Zuzanna Chęcińska-Maciejewska, Andrzej Wojtyła, Hanna Krauss. Tytuł pracy: The "Keep Fit!" programme for building health-competence in children and adolescents in Poland regarding their diet and physical activity - study design Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2016, Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 172--177 p-ISSN: 2450-5927 e-ISSN: 2450-5722 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Język publikacji: ENG Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: dieta ; aktywność fizyczna ; zachowania zdrowotne ; dzieci ; młodzież ; program "Trzymaj Formę" ; Polska Słowa kluczowe ang.: diet ; physical activity ; health behavior ; children and adolescents ; "Keep Fit" programme ; Poland Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii. http://www.termedia.pl/The-Keep-Fit-programme-for-building-health-competence-in-children-and-adolescents-in-Poland-regarding-their-diet-and-physical-activity-study-design,100,29228,1,1.html DOI: 10.5114/jhi.2016.65359 Streszczenie: Introduction: The "Keep Fit!" programme is an initiative for promoting healthy lifestyles in schoolchildren, which uses a two-pronged approach of focusing on a balanced diet combined with regular physical activity. Hitherto, nine editions of the programme have taken place, involving more than seven million pupils attending over 8800 schools. Due to its scope and coverage being so wide, the "Keep Fit!" programme was recognised as being the largest educational programme in the European Union. The aim of the present study was to investigate the health behaviours of pupils and students in Poland, with focus on their eating habits, physical activity, self-assessed weight, psychoactive substance use, and the impact that taking part in the "Keep Fit!" programme had on changing their lifestyle. Material and methods: The study involved cross-sectional surveys in Poland conducted in 2009 among randomly selected samples of junior high-school pupils (ages 13-16), and in 2011 of pupils attending junior high school, high school (ages 17-19), as well as university students aged 25 and younger. The questionnaire was devised by the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate (GIS). Data was analysed from correctly completed questionnaires among 9,360 and 11,863 eligible respondents in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Results: Among eligible survey respondents, 53% (4970) in 2009 and 14% (1674) took part in the "Keep Fit!" programme. Both in 2009 and 2011 the "Keep Fit!" programme has made a significant and beneficial impact in terms of eating habits and physical activity among programme participants. Conclusions: The "Keep Fit!" programme should be continued so as to prevent overweight, obesity, and other chronic non-communicable diseases from occurring in schoolchildren.
8/13
Nr opisu: 0000033155 Autorzy: Paulina Wojtyła-Buciora, Tomasz Bołdowski, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Cezary Wojtyła, Małgorzata Wojciechowska, Andrzej Wojtyła, Anna Pawłowska, Hanna Krauss. Tytuł pracy: The impact of the "Keep Fit" national programme in Poland on diet, physical activity and health during 2006-2011 in children and adolescents Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2016, Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 67--76 p-ISSN: 2450-5927 e-ISSN: 2450-5722 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Język publikacji: ENG Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: program "Trzymaj Formę" ; dieta ; aktywność fizyczna ; dzieci ; młodzież Słowa kluczowe ang.: "Keep Fit" programme ; diet ; physical activity ; children ; adolescents Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Sekcji Bibliometrii. http://www.termedia.pl/The-impact-of-the-Keep-Fit-national-programme-in-Poland-on-diet-physical-activity-and-health-during-2006-2011-in-children-and-adolescents,100,28040,1,1.html DOI: 10.5114/jhi.2016.61424 Streszczenie: Introduction: The National "Keep Fit" Programme is aimed at educating school children and their families so as to achieve sustainable development of pro-healthy eating habits through promoting an active lifestyle and balanced diet. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationships between mealtime rates, self-assessment of weight and measurable body mass index (BMI), estimated slimming rates and undertaken physical activity for junior high school and high school pupils along with university students in Poland, taking into account gender, age, place of residence and whether they took part in the "Keep Fit" programme. Material and methods: Subjects were 13,537 youngsters aged 12-18 years randomly selected in 2011. Of those, girls and boys not participating in the programme (non-participants) numbered respectively 6,535 (89.42%) and 5,328 (85.54%), whilst girls and boys who participated numbered respectively 773 (10.58%) and 901 (14.46%). For the junior high school and high school pupils, the research tool was a questionnaire developed by the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, based on one previously used in a GSHS study. Students were however surveyed by electronic means, using forms available on a specific website of the Institute of Agricultural Medicine. Data analysis was performed by the STATISTICA 10.0 programme. Significance was taken as p being not greater than 0.05. Results: Participating in the "Keep Fit" programme had a beneficial effect on the number of mealtimes as well as the desire to maintain current body weights. There was no association/agreement between selfassessment of weight and the measurable BMI. Mostly it was male students participating in the "Keep Fit" programme who demonstrated higher weekly levels of physical activity compared to those not participating. Conclusions: The results suggest that the national "Keep Fit" programme had beneficial effects on shaping attitudes and behaviour regarding proper nutrition and maintaining a physically active lifestyle. These subjects showed an increased health awareness reflecting the effectiveness of the programme and the need for its continuation in subsequent years of school education.
9/13
Nr opisu: 0000031513 Autorzy: Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Paweł Sobczak, Kazimierz Zawiślak, Jerzy Zagórski, Paulina Wojtyła-Buciora, Andrzej Wojtyła. Tytuł pracy: Physical and chemical properties comparison of fungal and crustaceous chitosan Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2015, Vol. 1, no. 1, s. 7--14 p-ISSN: 2450-5927 e-ISSN: 2450-5722 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Język publikacji: ENG Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: chitozan ; grzyby ; skorupiaki Słowa kluczowe ang.: fungal chitosan ; crustaceous ; viscosity Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Dziale Gromadzenia, Opracowania i Kontroli Zbiorów Biblioteki PSW. http://www.termedia.pl/Physical-and-chemical-properties-comparison-of-fungal-and-crustaceous-chitosan,100,26558,1,1.html DOI: 10.5114/jhi.2015.56820 Streszczenie: In the paper we compared herein chemical properties of the fungal chitosan prepared according to the own method and the commonly used chitosan made from the crustaceous. The assessment included such parameters as: ash, fiber, fat, Na, K, Ca and Mg content. Inorganic phosphates, molecular weight and deacetylation degree were also determined. Based on these results a number of differences between substances was identified. The differences are related to varied structure that is due to different methods of two types of chitosan production. The difference in viscosity was the most pronounced parameter. It has been proved the viscosity of fungal chitosan was 5 times lower compared to crustaceous chitosan. The fungal chitosan was characterized with higher deacetylation degree (DD) than crustaceous chitosan. The deacetylation process has significant influence on the structure and chemical parameters of the chitosan. The chemical elements content was differentiation. Relatively low concentration of sodium was identified in the fungal chitosan. However, it contained high levels of nitrogen, fiber and fat when compared to the crustaceous chitosan.
10/13
Nr opisu: 0000026065 Autorzy: Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak, Barbara Bergier, Julia Diatczyk, Joanna Niedźwiecka, Przemysław Biliński, Andrzej Wojtyła. Tytuł pracy: Dietary habits and body image perception among Polish adolescents and young adults - a population based study Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2012, Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 299--308 p-ISSN: 1232-1966 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie z IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Wskaźnik Impact Factor ISI: 3.060 Punktacja ministerstwa: 25.000 Index Copernicus: 29.800 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: nawyki żywieniowe ; otyłość ; obraz własnego ciała ; młodzież ; zdrowie publiczne Słowa kluczowe ang.: dietary habits ; adolescents ; adults ; body image perception ; obesity ; public health Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Dziale Gromadzenia, Opracowania i Kontroli Zbiorów Biblioteki PSW. Inne bazy podające opis:
11/13
Nr opisu: 0000023930 Autorzy: Józef Bergier, Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak, Przemysław Biliński, Piotr Paprzycki, Andrzej Wojtyła. Tytuł pracy: Physical activity of Polish adolescents and young adults according to IPAQ : a population based study Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2012, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 109--115 p-ISSN: 1232-1966 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie z IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Wskaźnik Impact Factor ISI: 3.060 Punktacja ministerstwa: 25.000 Index Copernicus: 29.800 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: aktywność fizyczna ; młodzież ; środowisko społeczne ; zdrowie publiczne ; Polska Słowa kluczowe ang.: physical activity ; young adults ; social environment ; metabolic equivalent ; public health Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Dziale Gromadzenia, Opracowania i Kontroli Zbiorów. Inne bazy podające opis:
12/13
Nr opisu: 0000029010 Autorzy: Agnieszka Posturzyńska, Andrzej Wojtyła, Lucyna Hans, Iwona Morawik, Joanna Strzemecka, Mirosław Jabłoński. Tytuł pracy: Principles of social security and health insurance for farmers in Poland and Germany - a comparative assessment Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2012, Vol. 19, nr 3, s. 593--599 p-ISSN: 1232-1966 Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie z IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Wskaźnik Impact Factor ISI: 3.060 Punktacja ministerstwa: 25.000 Index Copernicus: 29.800 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: agroturystyka ; zdrowie ; KRUS ; ubezpieczenia Słowa kluczowe ang.: agriculture ; health ; insurance ; Poland ; Germany ; KRUS Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Dziale Gromadzenia, Opracowania i Kontroli Zbiorow Biblioteki PSW Inne bazy podające opis:
13/13
Nr opisu: 0000023929 Autorzy: Barbara Bergier, Józef Bergier, Andrzej Wojtyła. Tytuł pracy: Various aspects of physical activity among Lithuanian adolescents Tytuł czasopisma: Szczegóły: 2012, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 775--779 p-ISSN: 1232-1966 Uwagi: Streszcz. w jęz. ang. Charakterystyka formalna: artykuł w czasopiśmie polskim Charakterystyka merytoryczna: artykuł oryginalny naukowy Charakterystyka wg MNiSW: artykuł w czasopiśmie z IF (wykaz MEiN) Język publikacji: ENG Wskaźnik Impact Factor ISI: 3.060 Punktacja ministerstwa: 25.000 Index Copernicus: 29.800 Praca recenzowana Słowa kluczowe: aktywność fizyczna ; BMI ; młodzież ; Litwa Słowa kluczowe ang.: physical activity ; BMI ; sports interests ; Lithuanian adolescents Uwaga: Kopia dostępna w Dziale Gromadzenia, Opracowania i Kontroli Zbiorów Biblioteki PSW. Inne bazy podające opis:
